Electrophoresis is a commonly used laboratory technique that uses electrical energy to separate molecules such as proteins or nucleic acids by their size, structure, and electrical charge. Electrophoresis units present several possible hazards including electrical, chemical, and radiological hazards. Each of these hazards need to be addressed before using the units.

Chemical Hazards

Hazardous chemicals commonly used in conjunction with electrophoresis work include:

• Ethidium bromide – mutagen, irritant
• Acrylamide – carcinogen, neurotoxin, irritant
• Phenol – corrosive, toxic
• Chloroform – suspect carcinogen, toxic

Always review the Safety Data Sheet prior to working with any hazardous material. See the Chemical Hygiene Plan for more information on working with hazardous chemicals.

Electrical and Thermal Hazards

Typical electrophoresis units operating at 100 volts can provide a lethal shock of 25 milliamps. Lab personnel may additionally be exposed to thermal hazards when heating agarose solutions. Exercise caution when using a microwaveto melt agarose solutions. Don't use sealed containers and be aware of superheated liquids that may suddenly and unexpectedly boil over. Let hot agarose solutions coll to 50°-60°C before adding ethidium bromide (or other dye) or before pouring into trays. Wear insulated heat-resistant gloves and point the flask opening away from you. 

Ultraviolet Light Hazards

Ultraviolet (UV) light boxes and handheld lamps are often used in visualizing ethidium bromide gels and pose potential exposures to UV radiation.

Personal Protective Equipment for UV Use

Wear a long-sleeved lab coat, a UV face shield, nitrile gloves (latex is not effective), long pants, and closed-toe shoes. 

Work Practices for Electrophoresis

• Read and follow manufacturer’s instructions for electrophoresis equipment.
• Consult with PI or lab supervisor prior to initial use of electrophoresis equipment. Discussion should include special hazards and safety precautions.
• Consider using ethidium bromide substitutes.
• Ensure all switches and indicators are in proper working condition and that power cords and leads are undamaged and properly insulated.
• Label equipment with the warning: "Danger: Electrical Hazard"
• Connect equipment to outlets with Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters.
• Use 3-prong plugs.
• If available, use power supplies with safety features that detect issues with the electrical circuit (e.g. no load, overload, sudden load changes, short circuits, etc.)
• Turn off main power supply before connecting or disconnecting electrical leads.
• With dry gloved hands, connect one lead at a time using one hand only.
• Be sure that leads/banana plugs are fully seated.
• Switch off all power supplies and unplug the leads before opening the gel chamber lid or reaching inside the gel chamber. Do not rely on safety interlocks.